Looking for the Best Cpu Cooler For Ryzen 7 2700X? Read further to know more about it.
It’s not just the CPU that needs cooling, but also your motherboard. With so many different types of motherboards on the market, you need to know which one is compatible with your CPU before buying a cooler. It’s important to get this right since it can affect how well your processor runs and will affect its lifespan. This article compares six of the best coolers for Ryzen 2700x CPUs in terms of price, performance, compatibility, and noise level.
The Intel Core i7 processor is one of the best tools we can use to build our custom computers. This article will focus on what you need when it comes to picking out a processor, and how they affect different aspects like performance or heat dissipation in different ways depending on which model fits your needs better!
These types of CPU coolers have been specifically designed with the cooling needs of a processor in mind, they are specially made to help your PC run cooler and thus minimize heat generation.
All the cores and threads in your processor will be working together to make sure that you can enjoy the best performance possible for prolonged gaming or work.
To get the best cooling performance, it’s recommended that you invest in a water-cooled Ryzen CPU cooler. Not only will these cool your processor quicker and quieter than standard models but they also provide more efficient airflow which means less energy usage for cooling capacity overall! If aesthetics aren’t an issue then we do recommend going with one of the brands on our list – some come included with lights or even RGB capability so users can customize their look as desired without interfering.
If your computing needs are more intense than most, it might be worth considering an air-cooled CPU cooler.
With this air-cooled cooler from AMD, you will get excellent levels of cooling performance and be able to keep your processor at a constant temperature. This is essential for keeping the device running optimally!
Contents
- When to Use a CPU Cooler?
- Best Cpu Cooler For Ryzen 7 2700X
- 1. Scythe Mugen 5 Rev. B 120mm
- 2. Noctua NH-D15 (Recommended CPU Cooler for Ryzen 7 2700X)
- 3. Dark Rock Pro 4 (Quietest CPU Cooler for 2700X)
- 4. Cooler Master Hyper 212 Black Edition (Efficient CPU Cooler AMD Ryzen)
- 5. EVGA CLC 280MM (Best Liquid CPU Cooler for Ryzen 7 2700X)
- 6. Noctua NH L9a-AM4 Excellent choice for Ryzen 7 2700
- 7. NZXT Kraken X62 280mm (Good CPU Cooler for Ryzen)
- FAQs
- Conclusion
When to Use a CPU Cooler?
There are a lot of options for AMD processors on the market. You can get coolers that come in different shapes and sizes, with either water-cooling systems or large aluminum fins to help dissipate heat from your processor — but not both!
You will want to make sure that you have a device with the best cooling performance possible because not only do we use our computers on an everyday basis, but they may also be used for gaming and other purposes. A high-quality cooler is essential to keep the processor cool while playing games or doing other tasks!
If you’re in the market for a new cooler or need help cooling down that hot gaming PC of yours- we’ve listed our favorite coolers below. These products cater to high-end and budget builds as well! If ventilation is what’s got your system running smoothly (and not overworked), check out this guide about some of the best fans available on Amazon today…
Efficiency
The best CPU cooler for a Ryzen 7 processor is a very important question to ask, as it can make all the difference in how your computer runs. Different models of coolers are designed with different computer models so one may not work well on another model or even overheat when used improperly depending upon what you’re trying to accomplish by using this type of equipment (i.e., cooling).
Best Cpu Cooler For Ryzen 7 2700X
1. Scythe Mugen 5 Rev. B 120mm
- Quiet 120mm Kaze Flex fan (Fluid Dynamic Bearing) for high airflow and static pressure with silent operation(PWM, 300-1200RPM). Addition fan clip for adding 2nd fan(optional) as push-pull configuration for maximal performance.
- RAM modules with tall heatsink are no problem for the Mugen 5, the asymmetric design allows unrestricted access to the memory banks. Classic size CPU fan stands 154.5mm in height, Mugen5 offers great compatibility with most popular computer case on the markets.
- Secure and easy-to-install spring loaded mounting system compatible with socket INTEL LGA 775 / 1150/1151/1155/1156 / 1200 / 1366 / 2011(V3) Square ILM / 2066 Square ILM & AMD AM4 / AM3(+) / AM2(+) / FM2(+) / FM1
- 6 x 6mm heatpipes and copper plate base ensure greater heat dissipation and superior cooling performance for mainstream, gaming PC, even overclocking with high TDP processor(9900k, 9700k, 9600k,3700x, 3800x, 3900x, 3950x).
- Product dimension: (W)136 x (H)154.5 x (D)110.5mm, Weight: 890g. Thermal compound paste included. Premium model for Intel Core i9, i7, i5, i3 and AMD Ryzen.
The Scythe Mugen Rev. B, with its single fan, makes it a more affordable cooler than other dual-fan systems on the market which can cost over USD 100 for just one cooling unit when you factor in extra fans to keep them running smoothly!
The Mugen Rev. is a great choice for those looking to upgrade their computer with the latest and greatest parts without spending too much on it!
The main selling point of this device is its capabilities; you can install up to three fans or radiators to fix coolant flow problems around your system board, which will help keep everything running smoothly at all times while providing enough airflow through each component because there won’t be any blockages from clogged pipes or anything like that due do lackings outside interference.
Another reason why I recommend getting one of what’s enclosed steel plate designed specifically by MSI B350 motherboard as well as Intel i5 760K processor into just 1 package – no extra tubes required!.
If you want to purchase a more compact cooling unit, the Mugen Rev B might just be what you’re looking for. It’s also worth noting that despite being an attractive mid-tower cooler with its quiet operation and sleek design – it only takes up 2.5 inches of space!
Features
All in all, the Mugen Rev. B is a great air cooler that offers excellent value for its price and can be used by anyone looking to cool their CPU or graphics card while playing games at 1080P 144Hz setups with strong cooling performance!
The Mugen Rev. B is the perfect solution for those looking to cool their powerful air ryzen 7 2700x with all of its benefits and at an affordable price!
Summary
The silent and efficient cooling system of this CPU cooler can lower the temperature for optimal performance. The aluminum finned fan operates quietly, which makes it perfect to use in any environment without disrupting others around you or your workstation’s audio capabilities!
The Mugen CPU cooler is designed to be the most reliable and durable on the market. It has a variable speed heat sink fan that allows for easy transition from high-speed operation when needed all without worry about it running out of steam during the testing process!
Pros
- Best Value Cooler
- Remarkable Fan with Perfect Operation
- Systematic Design
- Compatible all Sockets
- Good Cooling Performance
Cons
- Noisy
2. Noctua NH-D15 (Recommended CPU Cooler for Ryzen 7 2700X)
- State-of-the-art dual-tower design with 6 heatpipes and 2 fans provides class-leading cooling performance for overclocking or near-silent systems
- Successor of the classic NH-D14; more than 250 awards and recommendations from leading international hardware websites and magazines
- 2 highly optimised NF-A15 140mm fans with PWM support and Low-Noise Adaptors for automatic speed control and ultra-quiet operation
- Includes high-end NT-H1 thermal paste and SecuFirm2 mounting system for easy installation on Intel LGA1700, LGA1200, LGA1150, LGA1151, LGA1155, LGA1156, LGA2011, LGA2066 and AMD AM4, AM3(+), AM2(+), FM2(+)
- Renowned Noctua quality backed up by 6-year manufacturer’s warranty, deluxe choice for Intel Core i9, i7, i5, i3 (e.g. 12900K, 12700K, 12600K) and AMD Ryzen (e.g. 5950X, 5900X, 5800X, 5600X)
Noctua’s NH-D15 is one of the most popular, effective low noise cooling solutions on today’s market. It boasts state-of its art technology that has been personally tested and includes an NF edition chip with a lifetime guarantee promise for compatibility.
The latest model from Noctua is the NH-DL15 which has extended voltage support of up to 12 volts to meet the needs of even the most stringent CPU enthusiast.
The best CPU coolers for Ryzen 7 2700x are powerful, efficient, and come with five aluminum plate heat-sinks. The hollow design of these fins allows them optimally dissipate all the heated air from your processor’s components without obstruction or delay due to their size as well!
Features
The Noctua NH-DL15 is an efficient, high-performing cooler that offers outstanding heat dissipation.
It features one hundred and sixty-five mm aluminum fins with twenty-two blades per side which are located on the front of its CPU Sync Cooler through the use of a sliding door mechanism when compared to other models in this genre for increased efficiency as well improved longevity over time since they won’t wear down easily like some cheaper counterparts would due their lackadaisical construction quality or low tolerances.
It is important to have safe and secure access points for your home, but it also needs a place where we can be ourselves. With our fans at the ready in every room of the house; you’ll never miss an occasion again!
These ventilated titanium blades are not only stylish but functional too as they provide excellent cooling throughout any space from large rooms all through tight corners thanks to its three speed-control settings which include low airflow when desired most or high speeds during warmer weather conditions so don’t let those pesky heat waves get between us anymore with this sleek looking fan sitting on someone’s nightstand next time around.
Summary
The Noctua NH-D15 is a high-end cooler that features heavy-duty fans, steel heat sinks, and great compatibility with Intel processors. When compared to other low-cost coolers the speeds are much higher for this product making it more appealing in many cases than its competitors who don’t offer as fast cooling abilities or at least not close enough for some people’s liking!
The best cooler for your CPU is the one that gets it just right. With four powerful fans, this high-end product can reduce turbulence and provide increased cooling capacity with its venting system to allow air circulation efficiently to make sure you have a stable Ryzen 7 2700x all year long!
Pros
- Six heated pipes
- Two well-designed powerful fans
- Minimal noised production
- Easy mounting of the fans
Cons
- Heavy
3. Dark Rock Pro 4 (Quietest CPU Cooler for 2700X)
- Two virtually inaudible silent Wings PWM fans
- Funnel-shaped frame of the front fan for high air pressure
- Achieves only 24.3Db(a) at maximum fan speed
- Seven high-performance copper heat pipes. Overall dimensions without Mounting material (L x w x H): 5.7 x 5.35 x 6.40 inch
- Airflow-optimized cooling fins; cutouts enhance the RAM compatibility.Easily installable black Installation Kit can be mounted from above.Intel: LGA 1150/ 1151/ 1155/ 1156/ 1366/ 2011(-3) square ILM/ 2066.Amd: AM2(+)/ AM3(+)/ AM4/ FM1/ FM2(+)
Be silent! Dark Rock Pro 4 is a unique dual-cooling system that features the revolutionary “airplane” technology. This innovative design allows air Circulation and Speeds through variously sized channels, which in turn helps decrease heat buildup inside of your computer’s processor by giving it more space to breathe (and cooldown).
In addition, this new product also includes two 140mm fans with optimized bearing grease so they will run quieter than ever before without compromising on cooling power.
This CPU cooler is the perfect, tiny accessory for your desk. This small device contains two fans that can be turned on or off as needed to provide optimal airflow rates – it’ll take up less space than other coolers while still keeping computers running efficiently!
Features
The three quiet fans and two nearly inaudible Silent Wings fan blades on the Dark Rock Pro 4 CPU cooler are a good match for your computer’s needs.
The four dark rock CPU coolers from Cooler Master have a unique airfoil shape that is designed to push warm air past the heat sink fins so it can quickly and efficiently move away from your computer’s wasted energy. It also has five fans, which provide more cooling capacity than any other product on today’s market at an extremely low cost!
Summary
The dark rock series CPU cooler by Noctua is made of a dual-chambered design that uses aluminum to conduct heat away from your computer. The one downside, however, is if the PC has been overclocked or overworked in some way – because this type of material can’t handle intense thermal levels well at all!
The Noctua Dark Rock Pro 4 CPU cooler is a high-end model that has been specifically designed to operate at an ultra-quiet level. A single fan cools both the heatsink as well as your processor with its dual radiators, making for excellent performance and extremely low noise when compared against other models on this list!
The Dark Rock Pro is one of the best cooling solutions for your computer. It has received many favorable reviews and I am a big fan myself, as it keeps my processor cool without any problems or stock issues that you may find with other brands on Amazon! If you need an affordable solution to keep Ryzen 7 2700x running smoothly at its peak performance level (which will make all those intense graphics-based tasks super fast) then look no further than this excellent product from 4 CPU Cooler manufacturers – just don’t forget about their low price either
The HyperCooling kit is all that you need to keep your processor from overheating. I was able to test it in a few systems without having any parts replaced and the performance exceeded my expectation!
Pros
- Exceptional performance
- Top tier build quality
- Nice appearance
- Build quality
- Improved mounting mechanism
- Noise levels
Cons
- Price
- Large and heavy
- Hangs over DIMM slots
4. Cooler Master Hyper 212 Black Edition (Efficient CPU Cooler AMD Ryzen)
- Direct contact technology: 4 Heat Pipe with exclusive direct contact Technology effectively provides excellent heat dissipation; Air flow: 42 CFM; Noise level: 26.0 decibels
- Precise air flow: Stacked fin array ensures least airflow resistance which allows cooler air flow into the heatsink
- Smart fan sensor for jam protection: Never worry about your cables getting snagged or components being mucked up ever again
- Snap and play: Intuitive fan bracket design makes upgrading and removing the fan a breeze
- CPU socket support: Intel: LGA2066, LGA2011 v3, LGA2011, LGA1151, LGA1150, LGA1156, LGA1155, LGA1366, AMD: AM4, AM3+, AM3, AM2+, AM2, FM2+, FM2, FM1
Cooler Master is well known for its high-quality products, and the Hyper 212 cooler continues this tradition. This computer case fan was designed with versatility in mind; it can fit onto your gaming rig without any problems thanks to its slim design that doesn’t occupy much room on most cases’ front panels!
Mentioning one of Coolermaster’s best features makes sense too: users love how easy these coolers are because they come preprogrammed so you.
The Hyper-212 has a variety of different functions which make it suitable for just about any type of computer that you might have. One cool feature about this model is its ability to use heat pipes, meaning there are no gaps where air can escape and cause problems with your system!
Features
Cooler Master’s Hyper-212 CPU coolers are perfect for when you need a cooler that can keep up with your computer needs. It has two fans, which provide enough airflow and noise reduction so that they don’t hurt the performance of other components in an otherwise noisy environment; also important if working on multiple computers at once!
There’s no reason to ever use your computer without having an adequate type of cooler. Many other coolers feature some LED indicator that will ensure you know when it is hot, but the Hyper-212 does not have this and can be a big problem if doing lots of work during daytime hours need for his or her machine to keep very cool under pressure.
Summary
Coolers are often a necessity for those who want their PC to stay cool. Cooling systems can be found on the high street and online, but if you’re looking out specifically then I recommend checking with manufacturers first because they might have special offers at that time of year!
Coolers for computers can be found in a variety of shapes and sizes, but there are some tips to keep in mind before you purchase one. First off: know what kind of cooler would work best with your needs; from small portable models, all the way up through large fridge-sized ones – knowing which size fits into place should always factor into any decision when buying or building them yourself! Secondly, make sure that they come fully assembled so as not to waste time putting it together later (though sometimes shipping isn’t too bad if bought online).
With these two things considered then anyone who’s looking at purchasing their cooler will find something suitable without trouble whatsoever…and remember those savings? They may just end up being more than enough coinage spent on.
Pros
- Excellent build quality
- Sturdy mounting solution
- Four heat pipes
- Relatively quiet
- Innovative base design
- PWM fan
- Great value
- Mounting compatibility with all Intel sockets 775 up to 1366 including 1155
- Mounting compatibility with AMD sockets AM2 up to AM3 and FM1
- 120mm fan pre-installed
- Reasonable price
- Suitable OEM Replacement
Cons
- Installation slightly fussy
- No lighting feature
- The second fan not included
5. EVGA CLC 280MM (Best Liquid CPU Cooler for Ryzen 7 2700X)
- Compatible with Intel LGA2066/2011/2011-v3/1200/1150/1151/1155/1156/1366 and AMD AM2/AM3/AM4/FM1/FM2/TR4.
- 280mm Dual Fan radiator. Radiator size: 312mm x 139mm x 27mm (LxWxH) fan Size: 140 x 140 x 25mm (x2)
- Rgb LED's, can be synced to other EVGA RGB components
- Unique EVGA fan design for reducing noise without sacrificing performance
- Includes the software suite for monitoring and managing EVGA AIO's, EVGA flow Control. Pump noise level: 20db(a) (Max)
The EVGA CLC Bunny CPU coolers are back! This time around, they’re designed to offer the ultimate in computer case cooling while also being an efficient air cooler. The bunny-themed series features a stealthy black design and will be available at select retailers starting this week for only $49 (MSRP).
The long-awaited return of one of our most popular products ever is finally here: the theEVGACLCCoolerSeries2(TM)!
This cooler has a sleek, soft-touch design that’s outfitted with five DIN rail connections for the support of dual monitors. It also includes four rubberized aluminum mounting pads and efficient cable management features such as its compact size – making it ideal to use on any desktop!
The compact size of this cooler allows it to fit on any desktop while providing optimized acoustics. The body is outfitted with five DIN rail connections for the support of dual monitors, and has four rubberized aluminum mounting pads that make cable management easy!
Features
The EVGA CLC cooler offers you unbelievable performance, low noise, durable fans, and smooth software controls. The water-cooled CPU radiator draws the cool air from an individual’s processor to a separate component for that heat to be efficiently dissipated- all while remaining silent!
The water cooling for Ryzen 7 2700x fins pushes the liquid through channels on the outside of a radiator. The outer cover at the EVGA CLC series has multiple rows that are designed to be efficient with heat transfer, just like its predecessor from last year!
The CLC’s “reduce noise” feature allows you to enjoy pure audio without sacrificing the quality of your system. The full aluminum water block helps push heated air through channels and maximize thermal efficiency, allowing for better sound separation that will captivate even more than before!
Summary
The EVGA CLC 280 CPU cooler provides you with the high-performing, low noise, and capacity that your system needs. With two fan headers for dual audio setups or front USB ports to transfer data quickly from one device to another this product will be sure not to let you down!
With the EVGA CLC cooler, you’ll be able to keep your system clean and free of dust. The top-quality components are optimized for airflow control that helps remove any potential hindrance in ventilation while not sacrificing performance or cooling efficiency!
Pros
- Teflon Nano Bearing.
- Speed of 600-2200RPM.
- The airflow of 113.50 CFM (MAX)
- Two Fan sizes of 140 x 140 x 25mm
- Easy to clean
- Easy installation process
Cons
- Noisy
6. Noctua NH L9a-AM4 Excellent choice for Ryzen 7 2700
- Only 37mm total height, ideal for slim HTPC cases and Small Form Factor (SFF) builds
- Compact footprint for 100% RAM and PCIe compatibility on ITX motherboards as well as easy access to near-socket connectors
- Quiet, premium-grade NF-A9x14 fan with Low-Noise Adaptor and automatic speed control via PWM
- Includes award-winning NT-H1 thermal compound and easy-to-install SecuFirm2 mounting system for the AM4 socket of AMD’s Ryzen CPUs and APUs
- Renowned Noctua quality backed up by 6-year manufacturer’s warranty, deluxe choice for AMD Ryzen CPUs & APUs with moderate heat load (e.g. 5600X, 4750G, 4650G, 3700X, see compatibility list)
The Noctua NH L9a-AM4 CPU cooler is a great choice for any user looking to cool their Ryzen 7 2700 down. With these computer cooling systems becoming more popular with everyday consumers, there are many advantages that they provide over bigger and bulkier setups in terms of size as well portability.
The Noctua ryzen 7 2700x stock cooler has many features that set it apart from other similar cooling systems and make it easier for you to utilize your CPU when out of stock. This small, efficient processor maintains cool temperatures even at its loudest – which is perfect if you need more silence or want an easy fix before reaching a boiling point!
One of the most important considerations is how much space a heatsink takes up. With an aluminum plate base and a three-year warranty, this Noctua cooler will keep your system running smoothly for years to come!
Features
The Noctua NH-LC8XA is the smallest and most powerful CPU cooler, allowing it to fit in places where other bulky coolers can’t. This all-inclusive solution provides optimal performance with low energy consumption for maximum efficiency!
The new Intel Core i9-9900K is the fastest processor you can buy. It has a heatsink with dual-chamber heat pipes that helps maintain optimal temperature, and a minimal footprint design so it will fit on any motherboard searching for space! The powerful fan inside this chip moves enough air to cool down even when stressed – because of precision finned fins designed into its body which push airflow through channels deep within your CPU before pushing gusts far outside where they’re needed most.
Summary
The NZ Hydroxy ultra-efficient CPU cooler by Noctua is designed to provide the best performance from your computer’s processor, without reducing its temperature. The patented Hyper Stream technology maximizes efficiency and draws minimal amounts of electricity for your system while maintaining an optimal temperature level in any environment or situation!
This NZ Hydroxy is a desktop processor that specializes in overclocking. It has three different settings to choose from, so you can get the highest clock speeds without having your computer slow down too much and it also includes an underfloor fan which means there will be absolutely no turbulence when operating this device underneath desks!
Pros
- Socket compatibility of AMD AM4
- Fan compatibility of 92x92x14mm to 92x92x25mm
- Low-Noise Adaptor
- Fan with a maximum rotational speed of 2500 RPM
- Minimum speed of 1800 RPM
- Great cooling performance
- Has a direct external air ventilation
Cons
- It can cause a rise in temperature in the ambient
7. NZXT Kraken X62 280mm (Good CPU Cooler for Ryzen)
The NZXT Kraken Xador is a high-quality cooler that offers both space and cooling for your processor. Many consumers find it to be very effective, with some using more expensive water coolers while others use cheaper ones to get the job done right! This product has proven itself over time; if you’re looking at getting one yourself or even just wanting information about them before purchasing any parts from us then keep reading below:
I’m sure by now we’ve all heard of how popular (and successful) NCIX’s New Zealand based manufacturers was when they came out on Kickstarter last year having already raised almost 100% their funding goal which was set at USD 10K back then –
NZT has been a trusted name in the computer cooling world for years. They make high-quality products, and this cooler is no exception!
Features
The best way to get the most out of your NZXT Kraken X BMC is by making sure you have the right fit. Many different parts go into achieving this, including a water block and extra cards in certain cases like when more than one graphics card needs access to cooling capacity or if they’re VR Ready.
A good cooler is the most important part when gaming. The wrong one could cause irreparable damage to your system or graphics card, so you must find a quality product before buying anything else! This one, in particular, should stand up against wear and tear thanks to its sturdy construction.
Summary
You’ll be hard-pressed to find a cooler that’s as affordable and effective for your PC, especially if you’re in the market. It comes with AMD motherboard compatibility making it easy no matter what type of machine we are talking about!
Make sure to compare the various models that you can find online, and then choose a model tailored for your needs.
Supports AMD Sockets of AM2, AM2+, AM3, AM3+, AM4, FM1, FM2, FM2+, TR4 also Supports Intel Sockets of LGA 2011, LGA 1150, LGA 1155, LGA 1156, LGA 2011-v3.
Pros
- Fluid Dynamic Bearings (FDB)
- Fan Speed of 500 to 1800 pm
- Noise Level 21 to 38 dBA
- Maximum Airflow of 98.17 CFM
- High-performance variable speed
- Minimal noise production if any
Cons
- Expensive
Make sure to compare the various models that you can find online, and then choose a model tailored for your needs.
FAQs
How do I clean my Ryzen 7 2700x?
Finally, you can use a piece of cloth or tissue moistened with either trivial solution to clean up any spills. If isopropyl alcohol gets spilled on the keyboard’s surface- which might be happened by mistake when opening some liquids in your kitchen cupboard (don’t ask!) – then just rub it off using either rubbing paper towels OR wipes before wiping down every inch surrounding them so no other substances get stuck there!
Does the Fan only clip to one side of the radiator?
The fan can be attached to either side of the radiator, so you won’t need any extra hardware.
There are two ways that this part could attach – one is by way of a clip which will snap onto both sides (like what’s seen in pictures) and another option would involve using screws or rivets near where your water pipes enter into their respective radiators on an exterior wall close up against it as well…
How often should I refill water to my Corsair H60?
It will never need any refill.
Conclusion
Which cooler should you buy? You’ve heard the hype about Ryzen 7 2700x being one of, if not THE best processors for gaming and editing video content.
But what makes it an even more sought-after processor is its high core count (8), which allows users to work faster with fewer pauses between tasks while also saving on power consumption compared to other chips in its class!
And thanks to AMD’s excellent Wraith Spire Air cooling system fans that are whisper-quiet at just 33dba – less than halfway towards UL50dB(a) noise level classification – there won’t be any distracting fan noise interrupting your focus during intense benchmark sessions or long coding periods either.
It comes with full RGB capability, so you can match the lighting up to the rest of your machine, and it maintains the style factor Noctua is known for. If you want the best CPU cooler at this price point, the Noctua is the one you want to choose.
You will find this list helpful when choosing a CPU cooler for your Ryzen 7 2700x. Especially if you are looking for exceptionally performing best CPU coolers. You will never be disappointed by the best CPU coolers for Ryzen 7 2700x listed above in this article.